The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open SOCIETY. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, AND as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions AND decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of POLITICAL power; but Popper did not discuss the structure AND inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open AND closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority AND leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical AND rational approach AND his insistence on openness AND intellectual honesty are still important today.

Purpose: The flourishing of POLITICAL parties AND currents is one of the signs of the degree of development in societies. In contemporary Iran AND since the formation of the constitutional movement, POLITICAL currents have gone through many ups AND downs AND it can be said that POLITICAL currents in Iran after the Islamic Revolution have not yet reached the stage of institutionalization AND stability. A characteristic feature of POLITICAL currents in Iran is the divergence AND division AMONG POLITICAL currents in recent decades, AND this can be one of the reasons for the instability AND cross-sectional AND seasonal activity of POLITICAL parties in Iran. Therefore, the necessity of leading research seeks to answer the question of how factors AND divergence AMONG POLITICAL currents in Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be analyzed? AND what are the scenarios for the advancement of POLITICAL currents in Iran?Method: To answer this question, the method of causal-layer analysis, which is one of the qualitative methods in futures research, has been used.Findings: The research findings indicate that this divergence is due to a wide range of reasons from the level of causal systems (from the institutionalization of power to the formation of parties as elitist initiatives), worldview AND discourse (from charismatic POLITICAL authority to culture). Subsidiary-follower politics to myth-metaphor (Iranian individualism to belief in a strong state-weak SOCIETY) can be analyzed.Conclusions: Three scenarios for the future of Iranian POLITICAL currents can be considered: integration of currents as the security valve of the POLITICAL system, the collapse of POLITICAL currents in the traditional form, integration AND consolidation in new social movements (virtualized parties).

Considering the importance of solidarity as a theoretical AND POLITICAL structure AND its connection with social harmony, acceptability AND POLITICAL legitimacy, the present research has conceptualized AND formulated the problem of solidarity in the context of Iran's multi-ethnic SOCIETY through the mediation of existing studies. . In the current research, the hybrid method has been used. The sample AND statistical population of the research includes selected qualitative studies that have investigated the issue of solidarity AND its dimensions in Iran from different aspects AND perspectives in the period from 1372 to 1398. After searching in different databases, 500 related articles, books AND research reports were identified AND finally 54 sources were selected to perform the meta-combination method. Based on the synthesis of studies, solidarity in the multi-ethnic SOCIETY of Iran has found a problematic situation. The results of the research confirm that the coordinates of solidarity in Iranian SOCIETY are based on structural contexts AND conditions. The main field in which the issue of solidarity in Iran should be established is the acceptance of a reality called "reliability AND stability of cultural diversity". Based on the meta-combination of studies, the coordinates of solidarity in Iran's multi-ethnic SOCIETY, due to "intercultural affinities", "disruption AND non-inclusion in ethnic policies", "instability AND imbalance of development", "inefficiency of ethnic POLITICAL management" AND "identification disorder". In the meantime, "cultural globalization", "taking role models from ethnic elites", "geopolitics of ethnic areas AND transnational interventions" AND "ethnic extension" are considered as intervening conditions. Despite the fact that ethnic AND religious diversity is recognized as a central sign in the constitution, with this definition, POLITICAL AGENTS have sometimes resorted to strategies that social suffering AND extroversion has formed in ethnic communities.

Our analysis of Popper’s philosophy of science focuses on his concepts of tradition AND situational analysis. These concepts represent innovative Popperian contributions to a historical AND hermeneutical turn in philosophy of science that most of his critics, especially Kuhn, fail to recognize. According to his historical view, Popper conceives sciences as a complex of traditions in continuous transformation AND progress by means of rational discussion of theories. In order to grasp the rational progress of scientific traditions, Popper proposes an original method that he calls “situational analysis”. This hermeneutical method seeks to understAND the concepts, hypotheses, actions, practices, controversies AND products that scientists made to solve problems in their specific historical contexts to improve the truth content of theories. In addition to his historical AND hermeneutical turn, Popper also inquired about the social AND POLITICAL conditions for the progress of scientific traditions by means of intersubjective criticism of theories AND conjectures. According to him, the rational discussion of ideas requires, as necessary conditions, plurality of ideas, intellectual humility, AND freedom of thought AND communication that can only exist in an open AND democratic SOCIETY. With these considerations, we may say that in addition to a historical AND hermeneutical turn, Popper also contributed to a social AND POLITICAL turn in the philosophy of science

This paper attempts to explain a question which is variability in degree of changes occurring within democratization Iran. On the basis of such a question, the research question was formed as "How changes occurring within the democratization of Iran can be explained?" In order to answer the question, AND from a stANDpoint to solve it, a theoretical framework containing the following conceptual structure was formulated: modernization is developed under the condition of an extant CIVIL SOCIETY, AND it would result in democratization. In the next step, a theoretical solution as to the question was deduced from the theoretical framework. Continuing the procedure, scientific hypotheses were assessed through experimentation. The data gathering method is empirical/historical (referral to the original documents). For empirical arbitration of the hypotheses, we have used regression analysis. The empirical findings show that democratization bears a coefficient ratio of 72 with modernization AND of 52 with CIVIL SOCIETY's development. On the other hAND, the coefficient ratio of democratization with linear figuration of modernization variables AND CIVIL SOCIETY's development is equal to 71.  

The primary objective of this article is to elucidate that a comprehensive understANDing of Greek POLITICAL thought necessitates an examination of its origins in Ancient Greece. Traditional scholarship in Greek POLITICAL thought has typically assumed that it originated concurrently with philosophy AND the establishment of the polis. In this research, drawing upon the visions of Eric Voegelin AND Leo Strauss, we endeavor to establish a refined definition of POLITICAL thought while challenging the aforementioned conventional assumption. It is argued that POLITICAL reflection remains intimately intertwined with the theological-mythological beginning of thought in Greece. This theological-mythological mode of thinking initially found expression in the works of Homer AND Hesiod, with these poets serving as the foremost intellectual authorities AND initial educators of the Greeks. The Greeks, in their self-perception, viewed themselves through a lens of religion AND in the mirror of gods AND divine forces. Consequently, any exploration into Greek POLITICAL thought must acknowledge the works of these poets as the seminal intellectual foundations of Greek thought. It is imperative to recognize that POLITICAL thought in Ancient Greece did not commence with philosophy or the emergence of the polis, but rather with poetry AND a distinct form of religious-mythical experience, namely theologia-muthologia.

The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne city in Kermanshah province. The issue of language is beyond the dialect of people AND is refer to the form of life AND the matter of macroeconomic AND POLITICAL relations. From this perspective, the form of life AND the language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the SOCIETY. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of AGENTS to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research AND data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of language, economic necessity AND the government as the most important factors of local language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of languages.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, AND intervening) conditions, strategies, AND consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling AND snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial AND selective coding system showed that gendered inequality AND discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence AND the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions AND rules, AND the perpetrators of which are men AND women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions AND rules that they have, now, internalized AND used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) AND due to the generalized self-deprecation AMONG child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, AND commit suicide (strategies), AND these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, AND sexual violence AND even social isolation (consequences).